The literature, summarized honestly.

GHK-Cu modulates 4,082 human genes — activating repair and antioxidant pathways, suppressing inflammation and senescence markers — establishing it as the broadest-acting peptide gene regulator identified to date.

BPC-157 accelerates healing in striated, smooth, and heart muscle models through VEGF upregulation, nitric oxide pathway modulation, and FAK-paxillin fibroblast migration signalling.

Thymosin Beta-4 shows exceptional therapeutic promise across cardiac, musculoskeletal, corneal, and neurological repair models, with the ILK signalling pathway identified as the central mechanism driving its multi-tissue regenerative effects.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) induces telomerase expression and telomere elongation in human fetal fibroblasts and lymphocytes via a p53-independent mechanism — the first demonstration of telomerase activation by a short synthetic peptide.

Age-related GH decline is driven primarily by reduced GHRH stimulus to the pituitary rather than intrinsic somatotroph failure — establishing the scientific rationale for GHRH-analog research (Sermorelin, CJC-1295) in aging.